Evaluation of phytoconstituents, nephro-protective and antioxidant activities of Clitoria ternatea

K.Sarumathy, M.S.Dhana Rajan, T.Vijay, J.Jayakanthi

Pages: 164-172

Graphical Abstract

Cardioprotective, antioxidant activities and Phytochemical analysis by GC-MS of Gmelina arborea (GA) in Doxorubicin-induced myocardial necrosis in Albino rats

T.Vijay, M.S. Dhana Rajan, K.Sarumathy, S.Palani, K. Sakthivel

Pages: 198-204

Graphical Abstract

Hepatoprotective potential of Andrographis paniculata aqueous leaf extract on ethanol induced liver toxicity in albino rats

A. Sivaraj, P. Vinothkumar, K. Sathiyaraj, S. Sundaresan, K. Devi, B. Senthilkumar

Pages: 204-208

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities of methanolic extract of Glinus oppositifolius leaves

Nazia Hoque, Mohammad Zafar Imam, Saleha Akter, Md. Ehsanul Hoque Mazumder, S.M. Raquibul Hasan, Jamiuddin Ahmed, Md. Sohel Rana

Pages: 50-53

Graphical Abstract

Ameliorative potential of gallic acid on the activation of ROS and down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes in cardiac tissue of rats infused with advanced glycation end products

S. Umadevi, V. Gopi, A. Parthasarathy, V. Elangovan

Pages: 189-193

Graphical Abstract

Anti-asthmatic and Anti-allergic effects of Thymoquinone on Airway-Induced Hypersensitivity in Experimental Animals

Amira E. Abd El Aziz, Nesrine S. El Sayed, Laila G. Mahran

Pages: 109-117

Graphical Abstract

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of methanolic extracts of leaves and stems of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.)

Md. Amran Howlader, Farhana Rizwan, Shapna Sultana, Mohammad Rakibur Rahman, K. M. Shams-Ud-Doha, Rumana Mowla, Apurba Sarker Apu

Pages: 137-140

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant activity of Piper cubeba and Piper nigrum

Gayatri Nahak, R.K. Sahu

Pages: 153-157

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanol and water extracts of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones.) leaves

Chandan Prasad, Vimal Kumar, K. P. Kamthan, Udai Bhan Singh, Sudhir K. Srivastava, R. B. Srivastava

Pages: 68-72

Graphical Abstract

Determination of in vitro antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of different extracts of Salvia verticillata ssp. verticillata and spp. Amasiaca from Turkey's flora

Onder YUMRUTAS, Atalay SOKMEN, Nilgun OZTURK

Pages: 43-46

Graphical Abstract

Chemoprotective Potentials of Ocimum gratissimum in Diesel Petroleum induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wistar Rats

Ujowundu C.O., Nwokedinobi N., Kalu F.N., Nwaoguikpe R.N., Okechukwu R.I.

Pages: 56-61

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant activities of different parts of Musa sapientum L. ssp. sylvestris fruit

Mohammad Zafar Imam, Saleha Akter, Md. Ehsanul Hoque Mazumder, Md. Sohel Rana

Pages: 68-72

Graphical Abstract

Effect of activit, a herbomineral formulation, on experimentally- induced gastric lesions in rats

Pallavi A. Bafna, R. Balaraman

Pages: 134-139

Graphical Abstract

Bioactivities Evaluation of Indonesian Mistletoes (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.) Leaves Extracts

Nina Artanti, Taufik Firmansyah, Akhmad Darmawan

Pages: 24-27

Graphical Abstract

Determination of antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Phlomis armeniaca and Mentha pulegium

Onder YUMRUTAS, Saadet D. SAYGIDEGER

Pages: 36-40

Graphical Abstract

In vitro, antioxidant and scavenging activities of Hibiscus rosa sinensis crude extract

Faten R. Abdel Ghaffar, Ibrahim A. El-Elaimy

Pages: 51-58

Graphical Abstract

Potential antidiabetic, hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects of Nymphaea pubescens extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Shajeela .P .S, Kalpanadevi .V, Mohan .V .R

Pages: 83-88

Graphical Abstract

Effect of fenugreek seed extract on carbendazim-inhibited spermatogenesis in albino rats

Hawazen A. Lamfon

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2423Pages: 09-13

Graphical Abstract

Studies on the effect of Salvia aegyptiaca and Trigonella foenum graecum extracts on adult male mice

Amany A. Tohamy, Shaimaa R. Ibrahim and Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2501Pages: 36-43

Graphical Abstract

In-vitro effect of nimbolide, an isoprenoid of neem leaf, on antioxidant system of rat cauda epididymal spermatozoa: A dose dependent study

Shashidhar B. Kumbar, Umadevi C. Jadaramkunti, Ravindranath H. Aladakatti

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2514Pages: 84-93

Graphical Abstract

Nutritional assessment, polyphenols evaluation and antioxidant activity of food resource plant Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn

Ponnusamy Samydurai, Vellaichamy Thangapandian

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2518Pages: 106-110

Graphical Abstract

In Vitro Evaluation of the Anticancer Effect of Methanolic Extract of Alstonia scholaris Leaves on Mammary Carcinoma

Surya Surendren P., Jayanthi G, Smitha K.R

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2526Pages: 142-149

Graphical Abstract

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Leaves Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Moroccan Warionia saharae Benth. & Coss.

F. Amezouar, W. Badri, M. Hsaine, N. Bourhim, H. Fougrach

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2545Pages: 212-217

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of Antioxidant activity of traditional formulation Giloy satva and hydroalcoholic extract of the Curculigo orchioides gaertn

Pradnya Onkar, Jitendra Bangar, Revan Karodi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2733Pages: 209-213

Graphical Abstract

Tea and Mint Extracts Modulate the HSP70 Expression in Preeclamptic Placental Explant

E. Padmini, D. Lavanya, J.Tharani and S. Lavanya

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2821Pages: 128-133

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial, allelopathic and antioxidant activity of extracts and compounds from Rourea induta Planch. (Connaraceae)

Milena Kalegari, Marilis Dallarmi Miguel, Andressa Frizzo Philippsen, Josiane de Fátima Gaspari Dias, Sandra Maria Warumby Zanin, Cristina Peitz de Lima and Obdulio Gomes Miguel

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2913Pages: 061-066

Graphical Abstract

In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Chitosan Isolated from Podophthalmus Vigil

K. Prabu and E. Natarajan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2916Pages: 075-082

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts of Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves and barks

Fatema Nasrin, Sabir Ahmad and Kamrunnahar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.21028Pages: 142-147

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of Phenolic contents and Antioxidant potential of Murraya Koenigii (L) spreng roots

Rakesh K Sindhu and Sandeep Arora

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.21121Pages: 120-122

Graphical Abstract

Strategies to evaluate antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of pet ether extract of Artocarpus chama Buch. seed

Taksim Ahmed, Mohammad Nasir Uddin, Md. Kamal Hossain, Md. Imamul Islam, Nizam Uddin, Md. Ehsanul Haque Mazumder

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.21217Pages: 089-095

Graphical Abstract

HPTLC finger print analysis of phytocompounds and in vitro antioxidant activity of Eugenia singampattiana Bedd.

P.S.Tresina, S. Mary Jelastin Kala and V.R.Mohan.

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.21222Pages: 112-124

Graphical Abstract

Total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts from Tordylium maximum

Jelena S. Matejić, Ana M. Džamić, Tatjana M. Mihajilov-Krstev, Vladimir N. RanÄ‘elović, Zoran Đ. Krivošej, Petar D. Marin

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.30110Pages: 055-059

Graphical Abstract

Chemotherapeutic potential of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn: A review

M. Salman Khan, Irfan A. Ansari, Saheem Ahmad, Firoz Akhter, Arshya Hashim, A. K. Srivastava

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.30126Pages: 133-139

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant Potential and Type II Diabetes Related Enzyme Inhibition Properties of Raw and Processed Legumes in Indian Himalayas

Dibyendu Talukdar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.30303Pages: 013-019

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract of nettle (Urtica dioica) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Kais Kassim Ghaima, Noor Makie Hashim, Safaa Abdalrasool Ali

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3518Pages: 096-099

Graphical Abstract

Free radical scavenging activity and reducing power of Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg

Smitha B. Rao, M. Jayanthi, R. Yogeetha, H. Ramakrishnaiah and J. Nataraj

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3634Pages: 203-207

Graphical Abstract

New approach for measuring antioxidant activity via graphite sensor

M. El-Kosasy, L. A. Hussien, M. H. Abdel-Rahman

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.3913Pages: 071-077

Graphical Abstract

In vitro analysis of Aegle marmelos leaf extracts on skin pathogens

Garima Mathur, Nidhija Roy, Ashwani Mathur

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.31016Pages: 097-100

Graphical Abstract

Aphrodisiac Effect of Ethanol Extract of Piliostigma thonningii Leaf on Male Albino Wistar Rats

Dasofunjo K; Asuk A.A; Ezugwu H.C; Nwodo O.F.C., Olatunji T.L

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.31023Pages: 130-135

Graphical Abstract

Wound healing activity of Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze and its anti oxidant profiles in experimentally induced diabetic rats

Chandana Choudhury Barua, Shameem Ara Begum, Debesh Chandra Pathak and Rumi Saikia Bora

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.31029Pages: 161-166

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of intraperitoneal ozone application effects to rat’s antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase

Yannis V Simos, Ioannis K Toliopoulos, Ioannis I Verginadis, Ilias V Karagounis, Pavlos S Charalampidis, Vasilios N Ragos, Angelos M Evangelou, Spiros C Karkabounas

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.31107Pages: 035-039

Graphical Abstract

Biochemical composition, alginic acid yield and antioxidant activity of brown seaweeds from Mandapam region, Gulf of Mannar

Kokilam G, Vasuki S, Sajitha N

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.31118Pages: 099-104

Graphical Abstract

Combined Therapy of Rutin and Silymarin has More Protective Effects on Streptozotocin-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

Maher M Al-Enazi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40104Pages: 021-028

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant properties of Coscinium fenestratum stem extracts on Streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetic rats

Neethu P., Haseena P., ZevaluKezo, Sona Thomas R., Santhosh Wilson Goveas and Asha Abraham

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40105Pages: 029-032

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Nepeta nepetella aqueous and methanolic extracts from Algeria

Meryem SELADJI, Chahrazed BEKHECHI, Fawzia BEDDOU, Hanane DIB, Nassima BENDIMERAD

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40203Pages: 012-016

Graphical Abstract

Screening of proper leaf size in Centella asiatica for antioxidant potential and separation of phenolics using RP-HPLC

Ritisha N. Tatmiya, Kiran S. Chudasama, Vibhuti M. Jhala and Vrinda S. Thaker

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40207Pages: 043-047

Graphical Abstract

CCl4-induced hepatonephrotoxicity: protective effect of nutraceuticals on inflammatory factors and antioxidative status in rat

Naima Z. Mohamed, Howaida I. Abd-Alla, Hanan F. Aly, Mona Mantawy, Nehal Ibrahim, Sohair A. Hassan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40215Pages: 087-100

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antioxidant activity of Bixa orellana (Annatto) Seed Extract

Modupeola Abayomi, Amusa S. Adebayo, Deon Bennett, Roy Porter, and Janet Shelly-Campbell

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40216Pages: 101-106

Graphical Abstract

In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Crude methanolic extract and other fractions of Sterculia villosa barks

Syed Sami-ul Haque, Md. Mamun Or Rashid, Md. Akhtaruzzaman Prodhan, Sadia Noor, Atanu Das

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40308Pages: 035-040

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical contents, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of Solanum sisymbriifolium

Vinod Kumar Gupta, Aritra Simlai, Manish Tiwari, Kashinath Bhattacharya and Amit Roy

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40315Pages: 075-080

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis and elucidation structure of O-para dehydroguaiacol prepared by crude of Brassica oleraceae var alboglabra peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation

Yulia Anita, Galuh Widiyarti, and Jamilah Abbas

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.40411Pages: 062-065

Graphical Abstract

Gastro-protective, Anti-Helicobacter pylori and, Antioxidant Properties of Moroccan Zizyphus lotus L.

Fatima-Zahra Bakhtaoui, Hind Lakmichi, Francis Megraud, Abderrahmane Chait, Chems-Eddoha A. Gadhi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2014.401015Pages: 081-087

Graphical Abstract

Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Tannin Content, and Antioxidant Capacity of Halimium halimifolium (Cistaceae)

Ahlem Rebaya, Souad Igueld Belghith, Béatrice Baghdikian, Valérie Mahiou Leddet, Fathi Mabrouki, Evelyne Olivier, Jamila kalthoum Cherif, Malika Trabelsi Ayadi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50110Pages: 052-057

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of Tea (Camelia sinensis) leaves obtained from different heights of Darjeeling Hill, West Bengal

Karabi Chakraborty, Sanchita Bhattacharjee, Tapan Kumar Pal, Sauryya Bhattacharyya

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50112Pages: 063-068

Graphical Abstract

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant potential of Andrographis paniculata Nees. leaf ethanol extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Ramya Premanath, Lakshmidevi Nanjaiah

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50113Pages: 069-076

Graphical Abstract

The Effects of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) on Detoxifying Enzymes in Extrahepatic Organs in Mice

Azman Abdullah, Kezreen Kaur Dhaliwal, Nur Nabillah Fahana Roslan, Chai Hui Lee, Murali Kalaiselvam, Harizz Miszard Radman, Qodriyah Haji Mohd Saad, Kamisah Yusof, Kamsiah Jaarin

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50115Pages: 082-088

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antioxidant activity of the individual herbs of DIA-2, a herbal mixture containing standardized extracts of Allium sativum and Lagerstroemia speciosa

Krishnan Selvarajan Kesavanarayanan, Subramanian Kavimani, Duvuru Prathiba

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50205Pages: 022-027

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antioxidant and antitubercular activity of Leucas marrubioides Desf. root extracts

A Gowrish, H.M Vagdevi, H Rajashekar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50220Pages: 137-142

Graphical Abstract

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic acetogenin from Polyalthia debilis

Somchai Boonpangrak, Rungrot Cherdtrakulkiat, Ratchanok Pingaew, Patumporn Manam, Supaluk Prachayasittikul, Somsak Ruchirawat, Virapong Prachayasittikul

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50303Pages: 013-018

Graphical Abstract

Direct preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and determination of in vitro antioxidant potential of lipid from fresh Sebal causarium Seed

Olubunmi ATOLANI, Oluwaseeni ADENIYI, Oluwatimilehin O. KAYODE, Charles B. ADEOSUN

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50305Pages: 024-028

Graphical Abstract

Bioactive triterpenoids, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Eclipta prostrata Linn.

Rungrot Cherdtrakulkiat, Somchai Boonpangrak, Ratchanok Pingaew, Supaluk Prachayasittikul, Somsak Ruchirawat, Virapong Prachayasittikul

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50308Pages: 046-050

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial potential of Leucas urticaefolia (Lamiaceae)

Veena Dixit, Saba Irshad, Priyanka agnihotri, A.K. Paliwal, Tariq Husain

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.54.S7Pages: 039-045

Graphical Abstract

Neuroprotective effects of Indigofera tinctoria on noise stress affected Wistar albino rat brain

Sakthivel Srinivasan, Wankupar Wankhar, Sheeladevi Rathinasamy, Ravindran Rajan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50609Pages: 058-065

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation as antioxidant agents of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives: effects of essential functional groups

Ahmet Cetin, Ibrahim Halil Geçibesler

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50620Pages: 120-126

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of flavonoids glycoside from Leucaena leucocephala leaves

Reda S. Mohammed, Sahar S. El Souda, Hanan A.A. Taie, Maysa E.Moharam, Kamel H. Shaker

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50623Pages: 138-147

Graphical Abstract

Evaluating in vitro antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of Scoparia dulcis Linn (Scrophulariacae)

Wankupar Wankhar, Sakthivel Srinivasan, Ravindran Rajan , Sheeladevi Rathinasamy

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50705Pages: 029-034

Graphical Abstract

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Seaweeds from Kodinar, Southern Coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat, India

Kannan Karthikeyan, Kewlani Shweta, Ganapathi Jayanthi, Kolanthasamy Prabhu, Ganapathy Thirumaran

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50706Pages: 035-040

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities of Eurycoma longifolia and Swietenia macrophylla

Wan Nur Atiqah Wan Hassan, Razauden Mohamed Zulkifli, Farediah Ahmad, Mohd Azizi Che Yunus

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50802Pages: 006-010

Graphical Abstract

Ability of scavenging free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation of some phenols and ascorbic acid

Jaqueline Badanai, Celi Silva, Denise Martins, Dulce Antunes, Maria Graça Miguel

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50806Pages: 034-041

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of seeds flavonoids extract of Cedrus atlantica Manetti, Linum usitatissimum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. species

Fadoua Naimi, Dalila Bousta, Mounyr Balouiri, Abdelmalek EL Meskaoui

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50815Pages: 095-099

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of the brown alga Hormophysa cuneiformis from Ad Dammam Seashore

Neveen Abdel-Raouf, Nouf Mohammad Al-Enazi, Ibraheem B.M. Ibraheem, Reem Mohammad Al-Harbie

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50818Pages: 114-125

Graphical Abstract

Comparative analysis of bioactive compounds in different habitat of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: Application for in vitro clonal propagation of elite ecotype

Subrata Kundu, Sk Moquammel Haque, Biswajit Ghosh

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.58.S5Pages: 030-036

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities of α- mangostin and Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp extracts

Wan Nur Atiqah Wan Hassan, Razauden Mohamed Zulkifli, Norazah Basar, Farediah Ahmad, Mohd Azizi Che Yunus

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50907Pages: 037-040

Graphical Abstract

Ruta graveolens and its active constituent rutin protect against diethylnitrosamine-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of oxidative stress

Ayman M. Mahmoud, Rasha R. Ahmed, Hanan A. Soliman, Marwa Salah

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.501004Pages: 016-021

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic leaf extract of Maerua crassifolia

Kingsley Chimsorom Ckilaka, Godwin Christian Akuodor, Joseph Linus Akpan, Emeka Daniel Ogiji, Chukwuemeka Okorie Eze, Basil Chukwuma Ezeokpo

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.501025Pages: 147-150

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Hydrazone Based Anti-mutagenic and Antioxidative Agents

Emrah Giziroglu, Cengiz Sarikurkcu, Nurdan Sarac

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.510.S9Pages: 048-055

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of some plants commonly used in Indian traditional diet

Ashwini Prabhu, M. Madhushree, Rekha Punchappady Devasya

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.501118Pages: 108-112

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical Investigation and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Different Leaf Extracts of Salix mucronata Thunb.

Mortada Mohamed El-Sayed, Maher Mahmoud El-Hashash, Heba Raafat Mohamed, Ezzat El-Sayed Abdel-Lateef

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.501213Pages: 080-085

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant activities of purified glycoprotein extracted from Codium decorticatum

Dharmaraj Senthilkumar, Sivaraman Jayanthi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.501217Pages: 101-104

Graphical Abstract

Role of oxidative stress in opiate withdrawal and dependence: Exploring the potential use of honey

Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Siti Norhajah Hashim, Nasir Mohamad, Rohayah Husain, Liyana Hazwani Mohd Adnan, Halim Shariff, Nur Husna Zakaria

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.501228Pages: 159-161

Graphical Abstract

Protective effect of phenolic extracts from two species of miracle berry leaves (Thaumatococcus daniellii and Megaphrynium macrostachyum) on some pro-oxidant induced oxidative stress in rat pancreas in vitro

Ganiyu Oboh, Ayodele J. Akinyemi, Idowu S. Oyeleye, Kemi Williamsnelson

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.600119Pages: 118-124

Graphical Abstract

Free radical scavenging ability of Ximenia americana L. stem bark and leaf extracts

Valdiléia Teixeira Uchôa, Cleyton Marcos Melo Sousa, Adonias Almeida Carvalho, Antônio Euzébio Goulard Sant’Ana, Mariana Helena Chaves

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60213Pages: 091-096

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant activity and determination of bioactive compounds by GC-MS in fruit methanol extracts -a comparative analysis of three Atalantia species from south India

Arun K Das, Sudhakar Swamy

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60220Pages: 130-134

Graphical Abstract

Antidiarrhoeal and antioxidant properties of ethanol leaf extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi

Grace Akanimo Essiet, Akuodor Godwin Christian, Aja Daniel Ogbonna, Megwas Anthony Uchenna, Ekenjoku John Azubuike, Nworie Emmanuel Michael

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60318Pages: 107-110

Graphical Abstract

Impact of Chrysanthemum fontanesii extract on sodium valproate mediated oxidative damage in mice kidney

Amel Amrani, Ouahiba Benaissa, Nassima Boubekri, Kenza Biod, Radja Djabari, Nawal Beroal, Djamila Zama, Fadila Benayache, Samir Benayache

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60409Pages: 067-071

Graphical Abstract

Anticonvulsant and in vitro antioxidant activities of Momordica cissoides L. (Cucurbitaceae)

Lucie Josiane Ojong, Jean Pierre Abdou, Antoine KavayeKandeda, Abel Joel Gbaweng Yaya, Armelle Deutou Tchamgoue, Lauve Rachel Yamthe Tchokouaha, Nadège Gisele Claudine Nkantchoua, Gabriel Agbor Agbor, Roger Somo Moyou, Elisabeth Bum Ngo

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60416Pages: 117-123

Graphical Abstract

Effects of adding tocotrienol-tocopherol mixed fraction and vitamin C supplementation on coronary risk biomarkers in patients with hypercholesterolaemia with moderate coronary risk

Muhamed T. Osman, Azlina Abdul Razak, Huzaimi Haron, Thuhairah Rahman, Suhaila Muid, Tengku Saifudin Tengku Ismail, Anis Safura Ramli, Sushil Kumar Vasudevan, Hapizah Nawawi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60418Pages: 133-138

Graphical Abstract

Vitamin C, total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in raw, domestically processed and industrially processed Indian Chenopodium quinoa seeds

Intelli Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Manju Reddy, Ambika Chauhan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60419Pages: 139-145

Graphical Abstract

Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Potentials of Rotula aquatica Lour

M. Pallavi, C. K. Ramesh, V. Krishna, G. H. Channakeshava, K. S. Jamuna

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60424Pages: 169-174

Graphical Abstract

Free radical scavenger activity of chitosan and its aminated derivative

Tamer M Tamer, Katarina Valachová, Mohamed Samir Mohyeldin, Ladislav Soltes

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60428Pages: 195-201

Graphical Abstract

Hepatoprotective properties of Dandelion: recent update

Ezhilarasan Devaraj

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60429Pages: 202-205

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemistry and in vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxydant Activities of Entandrophragma candollei H.

Nnanga NGA, Vandi Deli, Famen NDEL Louis Claire, SIDJUI SIDJUI Lazare, SIKADEU Sandrine, NGUE Samuel Arthur, Toghueo Kouipou Rufin Marie, Nganso DITCHOU Yves Oscar, MPONDO MPONDO Emmanuel

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60512Pages: 073-079

Graphical Abstract

In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activities of partially purified Antidesma bunius fruit and Gynura nepalensis leaf extracts

Noel Quiming, Joannes Luke Asis, Marilou Nicolas, Dhennis Versoza, Michael Russelle Alvarez

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60515Pages: 097-101

Graphical Abstract

In vitro Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of selected Moroccan medicinal plants

Eimad dine Tariq BOUHLALI, Khalid SELLAM, Mohamed BAMMOU, Chakib ALEM, Younes FILALIZEHZOUTI

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60525Pages: 156-162

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of In vitro Antioxidant and In vivo Pharmacological Activity of Leaf Extracts of Hoya parasitica (Wall.)

Ummee Habiba Tania, Md Rajib Hassan, Nusrat Jahan Eshita, Rumana Akhter, Mohammad Shahriar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60526Pages: 163-170

Graphical Abstract

Production of antioxidant xylooligosaccharides from lignocellulosic materials using Bacillus amyloliquifaciens NRRL B-14393 xylanase

Mona M. Rashad, Abeer E. Mahmoud, Mohamed U. Nooman, Hadeer A. Mahmoud, Alaa El-Din M.M. El-Torky, Akaber T. Keshta

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60606Pages: 030-036

Graphical Abstract

Protective Influence of Ficus asperifolia Miq Leaf Extract on Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-Induced Testicular Toxicity in rat’s Testes

Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo, Adebola Busola Ojo, Bashir Ajiboye, Adewale Fadaka, Oluwatosin Debbie Imiere, Oluwatosin Adeyonu1, Isreal Olayide

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60607Pages: 037-041

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant Properties and Phytochemical Contents of Garcinia schomburgkiana Pierre.

Imron Meechai, Worrapong Phupong, Warangkana Chunglok, Puttinan Meepowpan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60618Pages: 102-107

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Zanthonitrile isolated from Zanthoxylum alatum

Indrajit Karmakar, Sagnik Haldar, Mainak Chakraborty, Saikat Dewanjee, Pallab Kanti Haldar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60621Pages: 119-122

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against biofilm forming bacteria by the pigment from Desert soil Streptomyces sp D25

Manikkam Radhakrishnan, Venugopal Gopikrishnan, Ganesan Vijayalakshmi, Vanaja Kumar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60626Pages: 148-150

Graphical Abstract

Biological activities of four Parmotrema species of Malaysian origin and their chemical constituents

Vinoshene Pillai Rajan, Saranyapiriya Gunasekaran, Surash Ramanathan, Vikneswaran Murugaiyah, Mohd. Wahid Samsudin, Laily B. Din

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60806Pages: 036-043

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Acetogenins from Streptomyces sp. VE2; An Endophyte in Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.

Thongchai Taechowisan, Chatchadakan Singtotong, Waya S. Phutdhawong

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60810Pages: 067-072

Graphical Abstract

A preliminary evaluation of anticancer and antioxidant potential of two traditional medicinal plants from Lamiaceae-Pogostemon heyneanus and Plectranthus amboinicus

Vaishali Rai, Vinitha Ramanath Pai, Pratapchandra Kedilaya

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60811Pages: 073-078

Graphical Abstract

Effects of osmotic shock on production of β-carotene and glycerol in a naturally isolated strain of Dunaliella salina

Nima Montazeri-Najafabady, Manica Negahdaripour, Mohammad Hossein Salehi, Mohammad Hossein Morowvat, Saeedeh Shaker, Younes Ghasemi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60825Pages: 160-163

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical and pharmacology effect of Panax notoginseng

Bui Thanh Tung, Nguyen Thanh Hai

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60828Pages: 174-178

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical, nutritional and antioxidant capacity of five Ivorian edible leaves aqueous extracts

Marcel Koffi Konan, Emmanuel N’Dri Koffi, Ibrahima Cisse, Augustin Amissa Adima, Yves-Alain Bekro

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60912Pages: 082-086

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of Crataeva nurvala extracts as antioxidant, antiproteolytic and cytotoxic against hepato-carcinoma and mouse melanoma cell lines

Swati N. Hade, Prachi A. Joshi, Harshda H. Pilley, Varsha P. Wadegaonkar, Prasad A. Wadegaonkar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60928Pages: 189-196

Graphical Abstract

Protective and therapeutic impact of taurine on some biochemical, immunological and histological parameters in diabetic rats

Doaa S. Foda, Ebtehal K. Farrag, Nadia S. Metwally, Amany S. Maghraby, Abdel Razik H. Farrag, Sayed M. Rawi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.601006Pages: 045-054

Graphical Abstract

Roots from mulberries (Morus alba) natural and hybrids varieties: phenolic contend and nutraceutical potential as antioxidant

Denise Sande, Maykelis Díaz Solares, Yanio Enrique Milián Rodríguez, Inelvis Castro Cabrera, Leydi Fonte Carballo, Nancy Altunaga Pérezb, Yudit Lugo Moralesb, Gecernir Colenc, Jacqueline Aparecida Takahashia

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.601110Pages: 063-069

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of leaves extracts of Dioscorea wallichii Hook. f.

Kokkaiah Irulandi, Sethupandian Geetha, Palanichamy Mehalingam

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.601111Pages: 070-074

Graphical Abstract

Extracts of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss is Cytotoxic on Human Leukemic, Breast and Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

Mathias Tawiah Anim, Christopher Larbie, Regina Appiah-Opong, Isaac Tuffour, Kofi Baffour-Awuah Owusu, Abigail Aning

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.601114Pages: 087-093

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant Properties and Electrochemical Behavior of some Acetyl Salicylic Acid Derivatives

Jyothi Poojari, Dhanya Sunil, Pooja R Kamath, K. Ananda, D. P. Kiran

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.601126Pages: 165-171

Graphical Abstract

Biological capacity and chemical composition of secondary metabolites from representatives Japanese Lichens

Eman F. Ahmed, Waill A. Elkhateeb, Hanan A. A. Taie, Mostafa E. Rateb, Walid Fayad

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70113Pages: 098-103

Graphical Abstract

Appraisement function of Coenzyme Q10 on body weight changes blood serum biochemical parameters in resembling type 2 diabetic male rats

Alireza Shahriary, Masood Khakzadihe, Yunes Panahi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70115Pages: 114-119

Graphical Abstract

Nanocapsules of Catechin Rich Extract for Enhanced Antioxidant Potential and In Vitro Bioavailability

P. Monika, B. V. Basavaraj, K. N. Chidambara Murthy, N. Ahalya, Kruthi Gurudev

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70126Pages: 184-188

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemicals from mulberry extract (Morus sp.): Antioxidant and neuroprotective potentials

Olfa REBAI, Manel BELKHIR, Sami FATTOUCH, Mohamed AMRI

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70133Pages: 217-222

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical screening, in vitro anti quorum sensing activity and antioxidant activity of extracts of Plumeria alba, Pisonia alba and Cynodon dactylon

Ankita Chattopadhyay, Bhavinee Dixit, Parni Nijhawan, Neethu Kamarudheen, Bhaskara Rao

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70222Pages: 162-166

Graphical Abstract

Cytotoxic and antioxidant capacity of extracts from Vaccinium meridionale Swartz (Ericaceae) in transformed leukemic cell lines

Margarita González, Ismael Samudio, Luis Gonzalo Sequeda-Castañeda, Crispín Celis, José Iglesias, Ludis Morales

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70305Pages: 024-030

Graphical Abstract

The antioxidant, anticancer and anticoagulant activities of Acanthus ilicifolius L. roots and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. leaves, from southeast coast of India

Tanvira Paul, Seenivasan Ramasubbu

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70313Pages: 081-087

Graphical Abstract

Comparative study on the phenolic content, antioxidant properties and HPLC fingerprinting of the leaf extracts of Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv

Olorunfemi R. Molehin, Omotade I. Oloyede, Aline A. Boligon

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70322Pages: 135-140

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seeds and pods extracts of Calycotome villosa subsp. Intermedia

Aouicha Elkhamlichi, Hanane El Hajaji, Hassan Faraj, Anouar Alami, Brahim El Bali, Mohammed Lachkar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70428Pages: 192-198

Graphical Abstract

Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. Hydroethanol Root Extract Exerts Anti-Oedemic and In Vivo Antioxidant Activities in Animal Models

Stanley Benjamin Lamptey, Wonder Kofi Mensah Abotsi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70429Pages: 199-205

Graphical Abstract

Ethnobotanical and Phytopharmacological attributes of Mesua ferrea: A mini review

Muhammad Asif, Seyedeh Fatemeh Jafari, Zafar Iqbal, Vageesh Revadigar, Chern Ein Oon, Aman Shah Abdul Majid, Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70435Pages: 242-251

Graphical Abstract

Biological Activities of Plants used in Egyptian Ethnopharmacology

Khaled Rashed, Maria Carmo Barreto

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70508Pages: 046-050

Graphical Abstract

In-Vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Various Leaf Extracts of Detarium microcarpum

Jane David, Ezekiel O. Afolabi, Stephen O. Ojerinde, Paul N. Olotu, Francis M. Agwom, Ukpe Ajima

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70617Pages: 127-131

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and green biosynthesis of silver & gold nanoparticles using Callistemon citrinus leaf extract

Amal M. Saad, Abdel-Aleem H. Abdel-Aleem, Mosad A. Ghareeb, Manal M. Hamed, Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz, Asmaa H. Hadad

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70620Pages: 141-149

Graphical Abstract

Influence of extraction process on antioxidant activity and rutin content in Physalis peruviana calyces extract

Maria Isabel Cardona, Reina Marcela Toro, Geison M. Costa, Luis Fernando Ospina, Leonardo Castellanos, Freddy A. Ramos, Diana Marcela Aragón

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70623Pages: 164-168

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of various crude extracts of Lepidagathis keralensis

Leena Palakkal, N. H. Zeinul Hukuman, Jisha Mullappally

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70626Pages: 182-189

Graphical Abstract

A Novel Approach of Potent Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents Containing Coumarin Moiety Accompanied with Cytotoxicity Studies on the Newly Synthesized Derivatives

Huda R. M. Rashdan, Sami M. Nasr, Heba A. El-Refai, Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70727Pages: 186-196

Graphical Abstract

LC-ESI-MS profile, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic screening of Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl) Macbr. (Resedaceae)

Ali M. El-Hagrassy, Ahmed Elkhateeb, Sameh R. Hussein, El-Sayed S. Abdel-Hameed, Mona M. Marzouk

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70807Pages: 043-047

Graphical Abstract

Study of the useful characteristics of the red pigments of Serratia marcescens strains isolated from the soil

Ritasree Mandal, Arindam Adhikari, Gopinath Rana, Tanusri Mandal

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70820Pages: 142-148

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Photo-Protective Activity Study of Bunga Kantan (Etlingera elatior) Essential Oil

Poh-Yen Khor, Fatin Shuhada Na'im Mohamed, Ikrimah Ramli, Nur Fatihah Asyiqin Mohd Nor, Siti Khatijah Che Mohd Razali, Jasreen Ariesha Zainuddin, Nur Sahira Mohd Jaafar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70828Pages: 209-213

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Mussaenda luteola

Shylaja Gunasekaran, Mythili Sathiavelu, Sathiavelu Arunachalam

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70832Pages: 234-238

Graphical Abstract

Pharmacological evaluation of endophytic Penicillium pimiteouiense SGS isolated from Simarouba glauca DC

Salini Dinesh, Devi Soorya Narayana Sasikumar, Bala Girija, Lakshmipriya V. Panicker, Pooja Vinod Kumar, Sruthy Preetha, Shaima Santhilal Sarma

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70919Pages: 142-147

Graphical Abstract

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Hepatoprotective Potential of Ceropegia spiralis Against Paracetamol Induced liver injury

Rajkiran Kolakota, R. Santosh Kumar, Sunil Kumar Patnaik

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70927Pages: 199-206

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidants and carbohydrate content in infusions and microwave extracts from eight medicinal plants

Nadezhda Petkova, Lili Ivanova, Gerasima Filova, Ivan Ivanov, Panteley Denev

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.71008Pages: 055-061

Graphical Abstract

Chemical composition and biological activities of methanol extract from Macrocybe lobayensis

Somanjana Khatua, Sandipta Ghosh, Krishnendu Acharya

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.71021Pages: 144-151

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of novel chitooligosaccharides prepared from chitosan via enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration

Sanaa T. El-Sayed, Nagwa I. Omar, El-Sayed M. El-Sayed, Wafaa G. Shousha

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.71107Pages: 050-055

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidants of Maltease orange peel: comparative investigation of the efficiency of four extraction methods

Nouha M'hiri, Ioannou Irina, Paris Cédric, Mohamed Ghoul, Nourhene Boudhrioua

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.71119Pages: 126-135

Graphical Abstract

Management of stress exerted by hydrogen peroxide in Drosophila melanogaster using Abhrak bhasma

Rambhadur P. Subedi, Rekha R. Vartak, Purushottam G. Kale

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.71208Pages: 065-071

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and Antimalarial Activity of Leea indica leaf extract against Malaria-mice Model

Erma Sulistyaningsih, Talitha Yuni Amalia, Rizka Kartikasari

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.71223Pages: 163-168

Graphical Abstract

Development and characterization of microemulsions containing Tiliacora triandra Diels as an active ingredient for antioxidant and melanogenesis stimulating activities

Sitthiphong Soradech, Pokchut Kusolkumbot, Sirinan Thubthimthed

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8307Pages: 046-054

Graphical Abstract

Chemical study and evaluation of antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition of Myrciaria strigipes O. Berg (Myrtaceae)

Rafael D. Faitanin, João V. D. Gomes, Patrícia M. Rodrigues, Luís Fernando T. de Menezes, Álvaro C. Neto, Rita C. R. Gonçalves, Rodrigo R. Kitagawa, Dâmaris Silveira, Claudia M. Jamal

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8317Pages: 120-125

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis, Characterization Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DHBPTSC) and its Pd(II), Ni(II)dppm Mixed Ligand and Cu(II) Complex having Heterocyclic Bases

V. Asha Kumar, Y. Sarala, Asha Siddikha, S. Vanitha, S. Babu, A. Varada Reddy

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8410Pages: 071-078

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Morpholine Mannich base of AMACs ((2E, 6E)-2-({4-hydroxy-3- [morpholin-4-yl-)methyl]phenyl}methylidene)-6-(phenylmethylidene) cyclohexan-1-one) and Its Analogs

Titah Nidya Putri, Anton Bachtiar, dan Hayun Hayun

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8503Pages: 019-025

Graphical Abstract

LC-ESI-MS analysis, antitumor and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Egyptian Allium kurrat

Heba Abdel-Hady, Mortada Mohamed El-Sayed, Mahfouz Mohamed Abdel-Gawad, Eman Ahmed El-Wakil, El-Sayed Saleh Abdel-Hameed, Ezzat El-Sayed Abdel-Lateef

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8714Pages: 085-092

Graphical Abstract

Attenuation of diabetic hepatopathy in alloxan-induced diabetic mice by methanolic flower extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees

Jutishna Bora, Plabita Sahariah, Abani Kumar Patar, Donkupar Syiem, Surya Bhan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8718Pages: 114-120

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of endophytic fungi extracts of medicinal plants from Central Sulawesi

Praptiwi, Marlin Raunsai, Dewi Wulansari, Ahmad Fathoni, Andria Agusta

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8811Pages: 069-074

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of selected echinoderms from peninsular Malaysia for cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and their metabolites profiling

Yosie Andriani, Nurul Hazirah Mat Lazim, Asnuzilawati Asari, Faridah Mohamad, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad, Noraznawati Ismail, Mariam Taib, Hermansyah Amir, Aziz Ahmad, Habsah Mohamad

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.81005Pages: 032-038

Graphical Abstract

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of protein hydrolysate from terrestrial snail Cryptozona bistrialis

Selvakumari Ulagesan, Amutha Kuppusamy, Hak Jun Kim

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2018.81202Pages: 012-019

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical compounds of anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) and antibacterial, antioxidant, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of its essential oil

Ivan G. Ivanov, Radka Z. Vrancheva, Nadezhda T. Petkova, Yulian Tumbarski, Ivayla N. Dincheva, Ilian K. Badjakov

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.90210Pages: 072-078

Graphical Abstract

Cressa cretica L. growing in Egypt: Phytochemical study and potential antioxidant and hepato-protective activities

Taha S. El-Alfy, Nagwa M. Ammar, Sahar Y Al-Okbi, Maha M Salama, Hanan F. Aly, Asmaa A Amer

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.S106Pages: 046-057

Graphical Abstract

Antimutagenic and antioxidative effects of polysaccharides isolated from the water extract of Ganoderma lucidum

Hyeong-Ryeol Lee, Heung-Bin Lim

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.90401Pages: 001-007

Graphical Abstract

Functional properties of glycoside synthesized using polyphenolic extract of Moringa oleifera catalyzed through transglycosylation reaction

Sohaib Nazir, Joko Sulistyo

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.90507Pages: 058-064

Graphical Abstract

Extraction of protein concentrate from red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation

Lucrecia Piñuel, Edgar Vilcacundo, Patricia Boeri, Daniel Alejandro Barrio, Dayana Morales, Adelita Pinto, Roberto Moran, Ivan Samaniego, Wilman Carrillo

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.90804Pages: 045-058

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis, in-vitro antioxidant activity and in-silico prediction of drug-likeness properties of a novel compound: 4-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-methylisoxazol-5(4H)-one

Madhavi Kuchana, Durga Rani Bethapudi, Ragini Katamarajugari Ediga, Yoshitha Sisapuram

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.90915Pages: 105-110

Graphical Abstract

Chemical profiling study and antioxidant activity of wild Teucrium luteum subsp. flavovirens essential oil from Morocco

Ouknin Mohamed, Chibane El mustapha, Desjobert Jean-Marie, Costa Jean, Majidi Lhou

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.91013Pages: 098-102

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of face serum containing cocoa pod husk phytosome (Theobroma cacao L.)

Sani Ega Priani, Saskara Aprilia, Ratih Aryani, Leni Purwanti

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.91015Pages: 110-115

Graphical Abstract

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral activities of exopolysaccharide from Streptomyces hirsutus NRC2018

Mohamed E. El Awady, Mohamed A. Nasr Eldin, Heba M. Ibrahim , Mohamed E. Al Bahnasy, Samir H. Abdel Aziz

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.91102Pages: 010-018

Graphical Abstract

Novel 4-hydroxy-N'-[(1E)-substituted-phenylmethylidene] benzohydrazide analogs (hydrazones) as potent antibacterial and anti-oxidant agents

Jasmine Chaudhary, Akash Jain, Rohini Manuja

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.91203Pages: 015-020

Graphical Abstract

Free radical scavenging activity and antioxidative potential of various solvent extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla Wall: An in vitro and ex vivo study

Marina Lalremruati, Lalmuansangi C, Zothan Siama

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.91213Pages: 094-102

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis, antibacterial, and antioxidant studies of 7-amino-3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)indolizine-1-carboxylate derivatives

Vijayakumar Uppar, Sandeep Chandrashekharappa, Atiyaparveen I. Basarikatti, Govindappa Banuprakash, Mahendra K. Mohan, Mallikarjun Chougala, Kiran K. Mudnakudu-Nagaraju, Raghu Ningegowda, Basavaraj Padmashali

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.102013Pages: 077-085

Graphical Abstract

Role of N-acetyl cysteine on bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell cryopreservation: Outcome on the oxidative stress-mediated cryodamage and repopulation Capacity into hematopoietic lineages

Zariyantey Abdul Hamid, Preshetha Sellappah, Hemabarathy Bharatham, Ramya Dewi Mathialagan, Vayithiswary Dewi Kannan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10604Pages: 022-031

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Flemingia tuberosa Dalzell in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Reena William Mascarenhas, Sunita Shailajan, Sasikumar Menon

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10605Pages: 032-038

Graphical Abstract

Isolation and identification of secondary metabolite acetone extract Aaptos sp. and its antioxidant properties and acute toxicity

Adryan Fristiohady, Baru Sadarun, Wahyuni Wahyuni, Muhammad Hajrul Malaka, Fandi Ahmad, Fadhliyah Malik, La Ode Muhammad Julian Purnama, Idin Sahidin

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10611Pages: 081-089

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of bacterial cellulose— Indonesian plant extract composites for mask sheet

Anastasia Wheni Indrianingsih, Vita Taufika Rosyida, Wuri Apriyana, Septi Nur Hayati, Cici Darsih, Khoirun Nisa, Dwi Ratih

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10705Pages: 037-042

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of antioxidant potential and total phenolic content of exotic fruits grown in Colombia

Nely M. Mejia, Jenny P. Castro, Yanet C. Ocampo, Ruben D. Salas, Carla L. Delporte, Luis A. Franco

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10906Pages: 050-058

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidative activities of alpha-mangostin in high-fat/high-glucose diet and streptozotocin-induced insulin-resistant rodents

Gilbert Lazarus, Sean Alexander, Gabrielle Ophelia Kusuma, Kevin Wijaya, Vivian Soetikno

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10115Pages: 035-039

Graphical Abstract

Neurocognitive effects of Prunus domestica fruit extract on scopolamine-induced amnesic mice

Hanish Singh Jayasingh Chellammal, Mohamed Mansor Manan, Afiq Azil, Yasothini Murugan, Punitha Chelvam, Pavithiraa Chandarasekaran

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10118Pages: 059-066

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) antioxidant activity in clinical trials and in vivo animal studies: A systematic review

Beatrice Elmund, Pietradewi Hartrianti

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.101216Pages: 114-129

Graphical Abstract

Antidiabetic activity of cobalt–quercetin complex: A new potential candidate for diabetes treatment

Mohamed M. Hassanien, Entsar A. Saad, Kholoud H. Radwan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.101206Pages: 044-052

Graphical Abstract

A new triterpene saponin from Fagonia schimperi

Howayda Ismail, Mohamed E. Mostafa, Amr El-Demerdash, Dalia M. Hanna, Mamdouh Abdel-Mogib

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.101209Pages: 068-074

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of antioxidant and diuretic activities of Clitoria ternatea leaf extracts in Wistar albino rats

M K Jayanthi, K Aswathi, K L Krishna, Ramith Ramu

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110118Pages: 152-157

Graphical Abstract

Neuroprotective potential of Naringenin-loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles against rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease model

Megala Mani, Shivaramakrishnan Balasubramanian, Kishore R. Manikandan, Balashanmugam Kulandaivel

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110203Pages: 019-028

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant activity-guided isolation of usnic acid and diffractaic acid compounds from lichen genus Usnea sp.

Maulidiyah Maulidiyah, Akhmad Darmawan, Erviana Ahmad, Andi Musdalifah, Dwiprayogo Wibowo, La Ode Agus Salim, Zul Arham, Faizal Mustapa, Ishmah Farah Adiba Nurdin, Muhammad Nurdin

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110210Pages: 075-083

Graphical Abstract

Combination effect of cisplatin and gallic acid on apoptosis and antioxidant enzymes level in cervical cancer (HeLa) cells

Norlida Mamat, Hasmah Abdullah, Hermizi Hapidin, Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110310Pages: 092-099

Graphical Abstract

Effect of abiotic factors on bacoside A content, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst

Varinder Singh, Naman Jain, Richa Shri

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.11s107Pages: 063-070

Graphical Abstract

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of nine de novo peptides P1–P9

Thitiporn Anunthawan, Nida Arbsuwan, Nutthawut meesilp, Santi Phosri

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110312Pages: 107-113

Graphical Abstract

Triterpenoids mediate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of the stem bark of Reissantia indica

Gina Flor Ramos, Isaac Kingsley Amponsah, Benjamin Kingsley Harley, Yakubu Jibira, Michael Kwesi Baah, Silas Adjei, Francis Ackah Armah, Abraham Yeboah Mensah

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110506Pages: 039-048

Graphical Abstract

Photoperiod influenced the growth and antioxidative responses of Chlorella vulgaris, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis chuii

Nurul Shafiqa Yusof , Yik Sung Yeong, Hazlina Ahamad Zakeri, Mohd Effendy Abdul Wahid, Sarah Nabila Ab Ghafar, Norhayati Yusuf

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110415Pages: 125-134

Graphical Abstract

The protective effect of Scenedesmus dimorphus polysaccharide as an antioxidant and antiaging agent on aging rat model induced by D-galactose

Armaini Armaini, Imelda Imelda

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110508Pages: 054-063

Graphical Abstract

In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity evaluations of Musa paradisiaca cv. Sekaki florets from Sarawak, Malaysia

Muhammad Mirza Ariffin, Heng Yen Khong, Nyotia Nyokat, Gee Moi Liew, Ahmad Sazali Hamzah, Korawinwich Boonpisuttinant

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110513Pages: 091-099

Graphical Abstract

Nephroprotectivity of Coccinia indica leaves against gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity using in vitro and in vivo models

Neelima Satrasala, Dwarakanadha Reddy Peram, Chandra Sekhar Kothapalli Bannoth

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110616Pages: 132-139

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic effect against cancer cells line of Angiopteris ferox Copel tuber and its compounds by LC-MS analysis

Syamsu Nur, Andi Nur Aisyah, Endang Lukitaningsih, Rumiyati, Rini Indriani Juhardi, Rezkiawati Andirah, Andi Sitti Hajar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110808Pages: 054-061

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of Cordyceps militaris extracts against human colorectal cancer cell line

Mohd Azrie Awang, Nik Nurul Najihah Nik Mat Daud, Nurul Izzati Mohd Ismail, Poh Guat Cheng, Mohd Fakhrulddin Ismail, Shiamala Devi Ramaiya

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110711Pages: 105-109

Graphical Abstract

The evaluation of antioxidant and antityrosinase efficacy of Carissa carandas fruit extracts and the development of a preliminary skincare product

Nadechanok Jiangseubchatveera, Charinrat Saechan, Nattawut Leelakanok, Arpa Petchsomrit

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110717Pages: 153-157

Graphical Abstract

Cytotoxic activity of seaweeds from North Sulawesi marine waters against cervical cancer

Grace Sanger, Lexy Karel Rarung, Djuhria Wonggo, Verly Dotulong, Lena Jeane Damongilala, Trina Ekawati Tallei

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110908Pages: 066-073

Graphical Abstract

Beef tallow: Extraction, physicochemical property, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and formulation of lotion bars

Chutima Limmatvapirat, Sontaya Limmatvapirat, Wantanwa Krongrawa, Juthaporn Ponphaiboon, Thanatcha Witchuchai, Pannawich Jiranuruxwong, Phuwarin Theppitakpong, Pavisanat Pathomcharoensukchai

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110903Pages: 018-028

Graphical Abstract

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction and the antioxidant activities of Sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia)

Asefin Nurul Ikhtiarini, Widiastuti Setyaningsih, Mohamad Rafi, Nanik Siti Aminah, Muhamad Insanu, Irnawati Irnawati, Abdul Rohman

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110810Pages: 070-076

Graphical Abstract

Biologically active peptides derived from the Antarctic hydrobionts

Nataliia Raksha, Tetiana Halenova, Tetiana Vovk, Olexiy Savchuk, Viktor Tomchuk, Tetiana Maievska, Ludmila Ostapchenko

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.110817Pages: 126-133

Graphical Abstract

Flavonoids of Morus, Ficus, and Artocarpus (Moraceae): A review on their antioxidant activity and the influence of climate on their biosynthesis

Dina Hawari, Mutakin Mutakin, Gofarana Wilar, Jutti Levita

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.1101203Pages: 045–064

Graphical Abstract

Antioxidant potential and LC/MS metabolic profile of anticancer fractions from Echium angustifolium Mill. aerial parts

Hanan M. El-Tantawy, Ahmed R. Hassan, Hala E. Taha

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2021.1101220Pages: 200–208

Graphical Abstract

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on production of photoprotective compounds in microalgae of the genus Pediastrum from high Andean areas of Peru

Cecil Tenorio, Jorman Alexander Henriquez Ramírez, Leenin Flores Ramos, Anthony Ruiz Soto, Jessie Vargas

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120309Pages: 087–095

Graphical Abstract

Protective efficiency of Chelidonium majus extract against hepatoimmune and DNA changes induced by aflatoxin B1

Heba F. Gomaa, Nevein N. Fadl, Wael MA Elmashad, Dalia M. Abouelfadl, Fathia A. Mannaa, Khaled G. Abdel-Wahhab

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120315Pages: 140–149

Graphical Abstract

Chemical characterization, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Paratapes undulatus clams (Born, 1778)

Mosad A. Ghareeb, Salwa A.H. Hamdi, Mona Fathi Fol, Amina M. Ibrahim

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120521Pages: 219-228

Graphical Abstract

In vitro and in vivo studies of the antidiabetic potential of Red Sea sponge-associated fungus “Aspergillus unguis” isolate SP51-EGY with correlations to its chemical composition

Mona E. Aboutabl, Yousreya. A. Maklad, Mohamed S. Abdel-Aziz, Faten K. Abd El-Hady

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120817Pages: 165-178

Graphical Abstract

Optimization of cardamom (Amomum compactum) fruit extraction using the Box–Behnken design focused on polyphenol extraction with antioxidant activity

Dara Juliana, Syarifah Iis Aisyah, Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto, Waras Nurcholis

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120619Pages: 194-209

Graphical Abstract

Effect of altitudinal variations on biological activities of Justicia adhatoda L. growing wildly in Western Himalayas: An in vitro assessment

Mehak Jamwal, Sunil Puri, Radha, Niharika Sharma, Suraj Prakash, Vijay Kumar, Shalini Sharma, Kamlesh, Neeraj Kumari, Ashok Pundir, Daljeet Singh

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120816Pages: 156-164

Graphical Abstract

Nanoextract of Acalypha hispida leaves increases antioxidant defense and suppresses microstructure damage in liver and kidney of diabetic rats

Hamzah Alfarisi, Tutik Wresdiyati, Siti Sadiah, Berry Juliandi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.121010Pages: 099-108

Graphical Abstract

Rice extract: Antioxidant activities and formulations

Naphatson Chanthathamrongsiri, Chadaporn Prompanya, Nattawut Leelakanok, Nadechanok Jiangseubchatveera, Tistaya Semangoen, Parinyaporn Nuurai, Witoon Khawsuk, Arpa Petchsomrit

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.121213Pages: 126-133

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ethyl acetate subfractions of soft coral Nepthea sp. growing in Southeast Sulawesi

Idin Sahidin, Baru Sadrun, Nur Syifa Rahmatika, Agung Wibawa M. Yodha, Adryan Fristiohady, Andini Sundowo, Sofa Fajriah

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.130211Pages: 099-105

Graphical Abstract

The potential of Clausena lansium (Lour.) peel extract consumption on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and augmented oxidative stress in type-2 diabetic model rats

Wathita Phachonpai, Prathakphong Riyamongkol, Dej Mann, Terdthai Tongun

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.112499Pages: 181-188

Graphical Abstract

Cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of flavonoids and diterpenoids from Macaranga involucrata (Roxb.) Baill

Alifia Muharram, Diah Ayu Rachmawati, Shola Mardhiyyah, Tjitjik Srie Tjahjandarie, Ratih Dewi Saputri, Norizan Ahmat, Mulyadi Tanjung

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.101645Pages: 087-092

Graphical Abstract

Differential roles of blockade of CaV2.2-alpha2/delta1-beta1 subtype calcium channel on two models’ of peripheral neuropathic pain

Chandrashekhar D. Upasani, Abdulla K. Sherikar

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.137731Pages: 133-148

Graphical Abstract

Chemo-profiling and bioactivities of Taif rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) industrial by-products after hydrodistillation

Ezzat E. A. Osman, Salih A. Bazaid, El-Sayed S. Abdel-Hameed

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.116845Pages: 119-131

Graphical Abstract

Reduction of reproductive toxicity in murine sperm model using Moringa peregrina leaves extracts

Mohammed Abbas Mustafa Lali, Reem Adnan Issa, Lidia Kamal Al-Halaseh, Rawan Al-Suhaimat, Rami Alrawashdeh

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.141064Pages: 050-056

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of Ecbolium linneanum kurz.: GC-MS and HR-LCMS based metabolite profiling and an in silico approach

Srilakshmi Nallapaty, Narender Malothu, Sathish Kumar Konidala, Anka Rao Areti

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.155513Pages: 247-260

Graphical Abstract

Chemometric analysis based on GC-MS chemical profiles of essential oil and extracts of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and their antioxidant potentials

Yusuf Andriana, Luthfiah Nur Meina, Nabila Ayunisa Fajriani, Nur Fadhilah, Ardiba Rakhmi Sefrienda, Jasmadi Jasmadi, Woro Setiaboma, Raden Cecep Erwan Andriansyah, Erni Apriyati, Yeyen Prestyaning Wanita, Fitri Setiyoningrum, Siti Dewi Indrasari, Rofiq Sunaryanto

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2023.151774Pages: 214-222

Graphical Abstract

Lychee peel extract attenuates depression-like behavior in a rat model of chronic restraint stress

Wathita Phachonpai, Watcharaporn Preedapirom, Kitipong Wuthiyan, Anukul Junkaew, Terdthai Tongun

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.148021Pages: 118-125

Graphical Abstract

Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacities of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) extracts using in vitro methods combined with the untargeted metabolomic study

Feda Anisah Makkiyah, Eldiza Puji Rahmi, Fachrur Rizal Mahendra, Faizal Maulana, Rini Anggi Arista, Waras Nurcholis

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.153548Pages: 055-063

Graphical Abstract

The efficacy of carvacrol loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in improving the diabetic wound healing activity: In vitro and in vivo studies

Fikri Fauzian, Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana, Rachmat Mauludin

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.153862Pages: 231-243

Graphical Abstract

In-silico design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-aryl-4H-chromene derivatives as CDK-2 inhibitors: A molecular approach to finding a lead for breast cancer

Sk Md Sohail Amin, Prajakta Harish Patil, Mrunal Desai, Jagadish Puralae Channabasavaiah

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.155052Pages: 098-111

Graphical Abstract

The efficacy of Makiang tea drinking on serum lipid profile in the treatment of dyslipidaemia: A randomized controlled trial

Wathita Phachonpai, Kitipong Wuthiyan, Anukul Junkaew, Kamin Suttikullabud, Rattaphong Pokkaew

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.165907Pages: 136-142

Graphical Abstract

Synthesis, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of novel amide derivatives of substituted 2-aminothiophenes and 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid

Satya Sree Bandaru, Madhavi Kuchana

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.180925Pages:

Graphical Abstract

New bisnorsesquiterpene from Glottiphyllum linguiforme and its antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities

Hayam S. Ahmed, Dalia El Amir, Hasan M. H. Muhaisen, Mohamed Sebak, Tamer M. Abdelghany, Abeer H. Elmaidomy, Elham Amin, Asmaa I. Owis, Mohamed A. A. Orabi, Naglaa Afifi

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.173477Pages:

Graphical Abstract

Phenolic compounds in grapes (genus Vitis): A review of their antioxidant activity, antiproliferative capacity, and cytotoxic effect on colorectal cancer

Estefanía Neira-Ospina, Jessica Rojas, Gloria A. Santa-Gonzalez, Maritza Andrea Gil Garzón

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.169381Pages:

Graphical Abstract

Lipid-based berberine loaded lyophilized nanomicelles with enhanced antioxidant effect: Design and characterization

Rakesh Mishra, Akash Aher

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.154408Pages:

Graphical Abstract

Phytochemicals detected in Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz stem extracts and their log-patterns of ABTS radical scavenging activities

Netiya Karaket, Kanoktip Pansuksan

DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2024.156279Pages:

Graphical Abstract